A study on the embarrassment of senders who missend emojis with opposite meanings on social apps: taking WeChat as an example

Abstract With the increasing popularity of social apps, sending emojis has become a very common way of expressing one's emotions. However, situations often arise when people send the wrong emoji by mistake, or sometimes even an emoji with an opposite meaning, which can cause embarrassment to the sender. Taking WeChat as an example, which is widely used in Chinese communities, this study summarizes 10 types of dialogue situations in which the meaning of an emoji is wrongly sent and 12 types of emotional components that are related to embarrassment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent to which the 12 emotional components that are associated with embarrassment actually explain what embarrassment is, as well as the different degrees of embarrassment among the different genders and age groups. The results showed that (1) among the emotional components of embarrassment, shame has the highest explanation degree for embarrassment; (2) males are more likely to be affected by embarrassment than females; and (3) users aged 18-25 and 26-30 years are more likely to be affected by embarrassment than those aged between 31 and 40 when they mistakenly send WeChat emojis. This study provides a reference value for their sustainable psychological impact on social app users. (AU)

Is There a Change in Patient Preference for a Female Colonoscopist during the Last Decade in Korea?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients may feel embarrassed during colonoscopy. Our study aimed to assess changes in patient preference, over the past decade, for the sex of their colonoscopist. METHODS: Prospective studies were performed at a single health center from July to September 2008, and from July to September 2016. Subjects included colonoscopy patients (2008: 354, 2016: 304) who were asked to complete a questionnaire before colonoscopy. RESULTS: In 2016, 69 patients (24.9%) expressed a sex preference, compared with 46 patients (14.6%) in 2008. By 2016, female patient preference for a female colonoscopist had significantly increased to 95% (odds ratio [OR], 2.678; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.418– 5.057; P=0.002). In multivariate analysis, patient sex (OR, 4.404; P=0.000), patient age (OR, 0.977; 95% CI, 0.961–0.992; P=0.004), and year of procedure (OR, 1.674; 95% CI, 1.028–2.752) were statistically significant factors in sex preference. Between 2008 and 2016, female patients preferred a female colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Male patients also preferred a male colonoscopist, and the primary reason shifted from expertise to patient embarrassment (2008: 29%, 2016: 63%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients have an increased gender preference for the colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Taking this into account can increase patient satisfaction during colonoscopy.

O analista desconcertado e suas lembranças: se arrependimento matasse.. / The disconcerted psychoanalyst and his memories: if regrets could kill.. / El analista desconcertado y sus recuerdos: si el arrepentimiento matara..

O autor conta suas aventuras e desventuras com pacientes desde as primicias de sua atividade como candidato e na continuação de sua formação até hoje. Imaginou como titulo maior da série de casos apresentados: "Se arrependimento matasse..." Reserva especial consideração para dois pacientes: o caso do rapaz de vida "largada" e o da mocinha injustamente acusada de seduzir o pai - paciente que adota, então, uma imagem aparentemente masculinizada, que vai se desfazendo na análise, inclusive somaticamente, lembrando um filme de Fellini. No filme, as escavações no subsolo de Roma deixam apenas entrever imagens cujos pigmentos se tornam descorados ao entrar em contato com o ar atmosférico. Assim seriam as imagens masculinizadas construidas pela paciente sob o impacto edipiano e que, com o oxigênio da análise, se desfariam, dando lugar a imagens mais autênticas, femininas. Na parte final, o autor acrescenta uma revisão do caso, na qual considera que se tivesse uma fé real na psicanálise poderia ter ajudado a paciente a confiar nas modificações extraordinárias que havia mostrado na análise, com o desenvolvimento dos seios, e tentar, com a psicanálise, dispensar a cirurgia plástica.

The author writes about the adventures and misadventures he has lived with patients throughout his job activities in psychoanalysis, since the early years as a candidate, and during his continued training. He chooses the expression "If regrets could kill..." as the main title for the series of clinical vignettes that are presented. However, the author gives special consideration to two patients. He emphasizes the case of a half abandoned boy, and the case of a girl who was wrongly blamed for seducing her father by her own mother. Even since it happened, this female patient has adopted a masculinized appearance that will end up being undone (even somatically) by psychoanalysis, which reminds us a Fellini's movie. In that movie, the underground excavations of Rome only have allowed a slight view of images in which pigments have faded by being exposed to the atmospheric air. In that same way, the author explains what would happen with those images the patient built under the Oedipal impact: they would be undone by being exposed to "the oxygen of psychoanalysis", and they would be replaced by more authentic, feminine images. In the end of this paper, the author adds a review of that case. In the review, the author makes a consideration: if he really believed in psychoanalysis by that time, he could have encouraged the patient to trust the extraordinary changes she had achieved in her psychoanalytic treatment, such as her breast development. Therefore, she might have given up of plastic surgery due to psychoanalysis.

El autor cuenta sus aventuras y desventuras con los pacientes a partir de los primeros tiempos de su actividad como candidato y muestra que su formación continúa hasta hoy. Imaginó como título principal de la serie de casos presentados: "Si el arrepentimiento matara..." Pero reserva una consideración especial para dos pacientes: el caso del muchacho de vida descuidada y el de la muchacha acusada injustamente de seducir a su padre. La paciente adopta, desde entonces, una imagen aparentemente masculina, que fue posible deshacer en el análisis, inclusive somáticamente, recordando una película de Fellini. En la película, las excavaciones en el subsuelo de Roma muestran imágenes cuyos pigmentos se tornan descoloridos al entrar en contacto con el aire atmosférico. Así serían las imágenes masculinas construidas por la paciente bajo el impacto de Edipo y que con el oxígeno del análisis se desintegrarían, dando paso a imágenes más auténticas, femeninas. En la parte final el autor adiciona una revisión del caso, en la cual considera que si tuviera una fe real en el psicoanálisis podría haber ayudado más a la paciente a confiar en los cambios extraordinarios mostrados en el análisis, con el desarrollo de los senos, e intentar, con el psicoanálisis, descartar la cirugía plástica.

O “aluno estranho”: entre reflexibilidade e atribuição / The strange student: between reflexibility and attribution / El “alumno raro”: entre la reflexión y asignación

Qualificamos como estranho aquele que nos surpreende, que nos remete à diferença, que nos toca. Os quatro autores deste artigo interrogam-se sobre a questão do aluno estranho, isto é, da relação emocionalmente carregada que o profissional da educação pode manter com ou vários alunos em um espaço educativo. Para isso, eles/elas põem em debate seus diferentes trabalhos cuja referência comum ao sentimento de estranho familiar mencionado por Freud constitui a base de troca. A partir das abordagens qualitativas (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adotam uma abordagem clínica com orientação psicanalítica, e Chauvier se refere à etnografia da comunicação), e eles/elas fazem a hipótese de que considerar o afeto subjacente pode favorecer no sujeito um movimento de aceitação da diferença contra o da rejeição e/ou o da estigmatização.

W e name as strange the one who surprises us, who refers us to the different, who moves us. The four authors of this article ask about the issue of the strange student, i.e. the relationship emotionally charged that the educational professional could maintain with one or more students in an educational space. For this purpose, they discuss their different researches of which the common reference to the feeling of the worrying strangeness raised by Freud provides them with the basis of exchange. Based on qualitative approaches (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adopt a clinical approach of psychoanalytic orientation, and Chauvier refers to the ethnography of communication), they theorize that, by taking into account the underlying affect, the subject could assist an internal movement to the acceptance of the difference against the rejection and/ or the stigmatization.

El extraño es lo que nos sorprende, nos remite a la diferencia, nos mueve. Los cuatro autores de este artículo plantean el tema del alumno raro, es decir, de la relación emocionalmente cargada que el profesional de la educación puede entablar con uno o varios alumnos en un marco educativo. Para hacerlo, debaten sus diferentes trabajos cuya referencia común al sentimiento de la inquietante extrañeza evocada por Freud constituye la base del intercambio. Desde enfoques cualitativos (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adoptan un enfoque clínico de orientación psicoanalítica, y Chauvier se refiere a la etnografía de la comunicación), formulan la hipótesis de que la tomada en consideración del afecto subyacente puede favorecer al sujeto un movimiento de aceptación de la diferencia contra el del rechazo y/o de la estigmatización.

Pesquisa psicanalítica sobre os fenômenos psicossomáticos / Psychoanalytic research on psychosomatic phenomena

Lacan abordou os fenômenos psicossomáticos através do conceito de significante congelado. Os autores que se inspiraram nele fizeram uso desse conceito de diversas maneiras. Existem diferenças entre esses autores quanto à possibilidade de uma determinação concreta de tais significantes congelados (holófrases) que seriam suscetíveis de serem enfatizados pelo analista. Segundo alguns desses autores, o enfatizar tais significantes poderia colocar fim aos fenômenos psicossomáticos. Outros autores lacanianos contestam o valor clínico desse tipo de intervenção. O autor questiona também o parentesco entre os fenômenos psicossomáticos e outros fenômenos clínicos como a alucinação, a emoção, o humor e a passagem ao ato.

Psychoanalytic research on psychosomatic phenomena. Lacan approached the psychosomatic phenomena using the concept of the frozen signifier. Lacanian authors have used this concept in a variety of ways. Yet differences do exist among Lacanian writers themselves, mainly in what concerns the possibility of a concrete determination of such frozen signifiers (holophrasis), which could be spotted by the therapist. According to some of these authors, emphasizing such signifiers could lead the psychosomatic phenomena to an end. Other Lacanian writers question the clinical value of this type of intervention. The author also questions the kinship between the psychosomatic phenomena and other clinical phenomena such as hallucination, emotion, mood and passing in the action.

Constrangimento, contágio emocional e gestão: um estudo transcultural / Embarrassment, emotional contagion and management: a cross-cultural study

O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer em que medida a susceptibilidade ao contágio emocional e o constrangimento estão relacionados ao exercício do papel gerencial, ao sexo e ao nível educacional em um estudo comparativo entre Brasil e Angola. Participaram 431 trabalhadores (164 homens e 267 mulheres), 300 do Brasil e 131 de Angola, 71,5% com nível educacional superior ou pós-graduação, 37,8% exercendo função gerencial e idade média de 30 anos. Utilizou-se survey eletrônico para mensurar o Sentimento de Constrangimento e o Contágio Emocional. As soluções fatoriais dos construtos se revelaram distintas para ambos os países. Apenas em Angola, gestoras graduadas e pós-graduadas apresentaram menor grau de constrangimento que homens nas mesmas condições. No Brasil, o nível educacional modifca a susceptibilidade ao contágio de emoções positivas, considerando-se as variáveis função e sexo. Os resultados apontaram correlações positivas entre o constrangimento e o contágio emocional nos dois países.

This paper aimed to know if susceptibility to emotional contagion and embarrassment are related to management role, sex and educational level in a comparative study between Brazil and Angola. Participated 431 workers (164 men and 267 women), 300 from Brazil and 131 from Angola, 71,5% graduated or post-graduated, 37,8% working as managers and mean age was 30 years. An electronic survey was used to measure the Embarrassment Questionnaire and Emotional Contagion. Factorial solutions were distinct in both countries. Only in Angola, women in manager position at least graduated showed lower levels of embarrassment than men in the same conditions. In Brazil, the educational level modifes the susceptibility to contagion of positive emotions, considering the variables management role and sex. The results showed positive correlations between embarrassment and emotional contagion in both countries.

A Path Analysis on Factors Influencing Women's Embarrassment undergoing Papanicolaou Tests for Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Screening

PURPOSE: Embarrassment is an unpleasant emotion that women undergoing Papanicolaou (Pap) tests often experience. These experiences differ according to individual, interactional and cognitive-emotional factors of embarrassment. This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing Pap test embarrassment (PapE) using a path analysis. METHODS: 281 women who had Pap tests at four screening sites in G city completed questionnaires assessing the relationships among general characteristics, service locations, medical embarrassment (ME), and PapE. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 Package and LISREL 8.8 program. RESULTS: PapE was directly influenced by ME, and also both directly and indirectly affected by dispositional embarrassability and sexual experience, while only indirectly affected by psychological experience through ME. PapE concerning social face was both directly and indirectly affected by ME and dispositional embarrassability, while indirectly affected by both income and psychological experience. Only PapE and ME social judgement concern directly affected PapE concerning social face. CONCLUSION: To prevent PapE, it seems necessary for health professionals to primarily focus on ME, and then on other factors such as PapE, dispositional embarrassability, ME social judgement, and general characteristics (i.e. education and psychological experience) alongside ME.

Psychometric Evaluation of Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening Embarrassment Questionnaire among Korean Women: Complementary Use of Rasch Model / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: Cervical cancer can be prevented by regular cervical screening. Embarrassment has been reported as one important barrier to cervical screening uptake. The absence of appropriate instrumentation, however, has limited our understanding of the links between embarrassment and health care outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate psychometric attributes of the uterine cervical cancer screening embarrassment questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample for field study was recruited from four gynecological clinics in Gyeongju, Korea. Within a cross-sectional descriptive design, 339 women who had cervical screening completed self-administered measures of embarrassment including a visual analogue, general medical embarrassment, dispositional embarrassment, and Pap smear related negative emotion. RESULTS: Rasch analysis of items demonstrated the evidence of one-dimensional construct and good 7-point rating scales functioning. Factor analysis revealed that uterine cervical cancer screening embarrassment was comprised of two domains-bodily manifestations and perceiving an undesirable social face. Construct validity was demonstrated by a high subscale-to-subscale correlation. Convergent and discriminant validity was evidenced by significant correlations with a 100 mm VAS scale, general medical embarrassment, and Pap smear related negative emotion. Known-group validity was established by comparing women with high versus low trait embarrassment. Both two sub-scales and overall scale demonstrated good internal reliability. CONCLUSION: The Uterine uterine cervical cancer screening questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument suited to assessing the manifestations of embarrassment during screening. The use of instrument can be extended to understand the client's embarrassment undergoing health examinations which require the exposure of their private parts.

O sentimento de constrangimento: evidências acerca do contágio emocional e do gênero / Explaining the embarrassment feeling: emotional contagion and gender evidences

O objetivo deste estudo foi saber em que medida o sentimento de constrangimento experimentado em diversas circunstâncias sociais poderia ser explicado pelo contágio emocional e gênero. Tratou-se de um estudo correlacional, com a participação de 325 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino (65,7 por cento), com idade entre 14 e 75 anos (média= 26,7; desvio-padrão= 10,40). Um terço era formado por membros da população geral e os demais eram estudantes (87,7 por cento universitários; 12,3 por cento secundaristas). Todos responderam individualmente ao Questionário de Sentimento de Constrangimento, à Escala de Contágio Emocional e a um conjunto de perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que a pontuação total de constrangimento e seus fatores específicos se correlacionaram negativamente com o contágio emocional. As mulheres apresentaram maior pontuação nas dimensões de constrangimento do que os homens. Os resultados foram analisados com base nas atuais teorias acerca da emoção, considerando igualmente a perspectiva de gênero.

This study aimed to comprehend the extension of emotional contagion and gender influences on the embarrassment experienced in several social circumstances. It was a correlational study, with 325 participants, 65 percent of which were female, all aged from 14 to 75 years old (media= 26.7; standard deviation= 10.4). The sample group included students, 87.7 percent of them were from the local university, 12.3 percent were high school students, and the rest of the group were from the general population. They answered individually the Embarrassment Questionnaire, the Emotional Contagion Scale, and also a set of demographic questions. Results showed that the total score of embarrassment and its specific factors are negatively correlated to the emotional contagion. Women have presented higher scores on embarrassment dimensions. These findings were analyzed based on the present theories of emotions, as well as on a gender perspective.

Effect of Desexualization Care Guided by Dramaturgical Interaction on Women's Embarrassment during Cervical Cancer Screening / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Desexualization Care guided by dramaturgical interaction on women's embarrassment during cervical cancer screening. METHOD: This study was carried out in a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized post-test only design. 62 women who had cervical cancer screening were conveniently recruited from a university hospital health promotion center. Embarrassment was measured under four distinctive sub-dimensions by the method of self-reported questionnaire and blood pressure and pulse rates monitoring. The data of control group had a conventional pap smear were collected in advance and then those of experimental group were gathered after completing data collection in the control group. Women in experimental group were provided with a newly developed cervical cancer screening programme in which interdisciplinary team conducted dramaturgical interaction. RESULT: There was no significant difference in the scores of VAS between the two groups. The score of physiological response of Embarrassment Measurement Scale was significantly lower in experimental group than in the control group (p<.05), while no significant difference was found in cognitive-emotional, non-verbal and verbal behavioral responses between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in blood pressure and pulse rates between the two groups during cervical screening. CONCLUSION: Desexualization Care guided by dramaturgical interaction during cervical screening was found to have positive effect on physiological response of women's embarrassment. Further research for identifying other main variables which might have influenced on women's embarrassment is needed.

Embarrassment: a concept analysis / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The concept of embarrassment as an unpleasant emotion is important in caring for those who are in the continuum of illness and health requiring body care and facing sexual problems. In spite of its nursing implication, embarrassment has not been focused in nursing research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develope a conceptual analysis of embarrassment. This analysis would help to understand comprehensively an embarrassing situation in which an intimate relationship between nurse and patient regarding body care of the patient could develope. Futhermore, it would be a basis for developing strategies for prevention of embarrassment which could lead for both patient and nurse to emotionally vulnerable situation because of their failure of self-presentation (impression management). METHOD: The concept analysis model suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) is used to clarify what is meant by the term 'embarrassment'. RESULT: This analysis defines the attributes of embarrassment such as follows. First, embarrassment is often attributed to situational factors interrupting a smooth interaction such as intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience. Second, embarrassment is closely related with cognitive factor such as fear of losing face resulted from a behaviour being out of line. Third, embarrassment is closely associated with dispositional factor such as embarrassability. Fourth, embarrassment is an unpleasant and unwanted emotion arising reactively after an interaction had occurred. Fifth, embarrassment encloses physical, physiological and behavioral aspects such as a variety of unique and easily noticeable reactions and a pattern of verbal and non-verbal behaviour for coping in an embarrassing situation. The antecedents were normally socialized adolescents with normal cognitive ability, concern of losing face, embarrassability, embarrassing events related with situational intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience, physical, behavioral blunders resulting in a failure of impression management. The consequences were an emotional coping behaviour, audience's embarrassment responses, and verbal and non-verbal coping strategies of interactional participants. CONCLUSION: It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate further exploration of this concept and study for developing systematic assessment and nursing practice that diminishes embarrassment of interactional participants.

A Descriptive Survey on Women's Embarrassability and Embarrassment during Cervical Screening / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe women's embarrassability and embarrassment during cervical screening. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 82 women who had a cervical screening at a National University Hospital. The data were collected through personal interview using a questionnaire from February 4, 2001 to February 22, 2002. The questionnaire consisted of embarrassability scale, embarrassment Scale, and demographic data. RESULT: 1) The mean scores of situational embarrassability was 82.6 and that of dispositional embarrassability was 106.7. 2) The mean scores of subject's embarrassment was 54.3 and 48.7 in 10 stages of cervical screening. The following three situations of 10 stages of cervical screening were highly ranked as to be embarrassing: 'during the examination', 'waiting for a doctor', and 'climbing up the exam chair and positioning her thigh for a exam'. 3) There was a positive correlation between dispositional embarrassability and embarrassment of 10 stages of cervical screening. 4) There were significant differences in situational embarrassability of subjects according to education and the locations of service. There were significant differences in dispositional embarrassability of subjects with regard to frequencies of pregnancy. 5) There were significant differences in embarrassment of subjects during cervical screening with respect to age, age at the time of first smear and gender of the examiner. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study indicates that women experienced a high level of embarrassment during cervical screening, assuming a need for nursing intervention reduces women's embarrassment. Also, there is a positive correlation between embarrassability and embarrassment of cervical screening, suggesting a need for further research identifying the effect of nursing intervention on embarrassment according to embarrassability.

Investigation of Women's Psychological Resistance to Physical Examination / 医学教育

Objective: To identify factors, such as embarrassment, contributing to the psychological resistance of female patients to physical examination.Methods: Female outpatients were given questionnaires asking about their degree of embarrassment in four areas of physical examination, their tolerance for disrobing during chest examination, and examples of actual episodes of embarrassment experienced during Physical examination. Answers were analyzed statistically. Results: Patients were more embarrassed when examiners were men or were students. When a male student examiner examined the chest and abdomen, the younger the female patients were, the greater their embarrassment was. Conclusions: Male student examiners should be most careful during Physical examination not to embarrass female patients. Gowning may reduce their embarrassment.